When reading nonfiction texts, people often encounter a wide range of formats designed to share facts or ideas. Two common types are informational and explanatory texts. Though they may appear similar on the surface, these forms of writing serve different purposes and are structured differently. Understanding how informational and explanatory texts differ is crucial for students, educators, researchers, and anyone who wants to enhance their reading comprehension or writing skills. Knowing which text type you are working with helps you better grasp the message, purpose, and expectations of the content.
Definition of Informational Texts
Informational texts are written primarily to inform the reader about a specific topic. These texts are fact-based and focus on delivering data, descriptions, and details. They are designed to increase the reader’s knowledge by presenting accurate and straightforward information without attempting to argue or persuade.
Examples of Informational Texts
- Encyclopedia entries
- Textbook chapters
- Newspaper reports
- Scientific topics
- Instructional manuals
The primary goal is to educate the reader on a subject by providing factual and verifiable content. Informational texts may include charts, graphs, and statistics to support the content and make it clearer.
Definition of Explanatory Texts
Explanatory texts, also known as explanatory writing, are focused on explaining how or why something happens. Instead of simply presenting information, they explore cause-and-effect relationships, processes, and underlying reasons behind a phenomenon or event. These texts help the reader understand the mechanics or logic behind a subject.
Examples of Explanatory Texts
- How-to guides
- Process essays
- Scientific explanations
- topics explaining trends or changes
- Instructional blog posts
While they also include facts and evidence, explanatory texts are more focused on interpretation, clarity, and step-by-step reasoning.
Main Purpose: Inform vs. Explain
The key difference between informational and explanatory texts lies in their purpose. An informational text aims to present data and facts in a clear and neutral tone. In contrast, an explanatory text goes a step further by interpreting or detailing the steps, causes, or reasoning behind those facts.
Purpose of Informational Text
- To inform or educate
- To present facts, details, and concepts
- To provide reference or background material
Purpose of Explanatory Text
- To explain processes or mechanisms
- To explore reasons or causes
- To clarify complex ideas in a logical manner
Structure and Organization
Another major difference is how the content is structured. Informational texts are often organized by topic, subtopic, and supporting details. They may use headings, bullet points, and visual aids for clarity. Explanatory texts, on the other hand, are typically organized in a sequence or logical flow that leads the reader through an explanation.
Structure of Informational Text
- Introduction to the topic
- Factual details and subtopics
- Use of charts, tables, or lists
- Conclusion or summary of main points
Structure of Explanatory Text
- Introduction with a question or statement
- Step-by-step explanation or analysis
- Logical connections between ideas
- Final thoughts or conclusions based on reasoning
Explanatory texts rely heavily on transitions and connecting phrases such as ‘because,’ ‘as a result,’ ‘in order to,’ or ‘this leads to,’ which help guide the reader through the explanation process.
Language and Tone
While both types of texts maintain a formal tone, their language usage differs slightly. Informational texts are more objective and neutral, focusing solely on delivering the facts. Explanatory texts may still be objective but are more dynamic in how they guide the reader through understanding.
Language in Informational Texts
- Objective, factual tone
- Use of specific data and terminology
- Minimal interpretation or personal voice
Language in Explanatory Texts
- Clear and logical transitions
- Focus on cause and effect, steps, or relationships
- Occasional hypothetical scenarios or examples
For example, an informational text about volcanoes might list their types and locations, while an explanatory text would describe how they form and why eruptions happen.
Reader Expectations
Understanding the difference between these text types also helps readers set appropriate expectations. Readers of informational texts expect straightforward data that they can use for study or reference. Readers of explanatory texts anticipate a logical flow of reasoning that deepens their understanding of a topic.
Informational Text Readers Expect
- Definitions and descriptions
- Accurate and current data
- Factual reporting without opinion
Explanatory Text Readers Expect
- Step-by-step breakdowns
- Answers to why and how questions
- Logical development and clarity
How Writers Approach Each Type
Writers must adapt their research and organization techniques depending on whether they are crafting informational or explanatory texts. The approach to outlining, tone, and audience consideration shifts based on the purpose of the piece.
Writing an Informational Text
- Start with extensive research and verified sources
- Organize content by category or topic
- Avoid interpretation or persuasion
- Use visuals to support understanding
Writing an Explanatory Text
- Identify a process or concept to explain
- Plan a clear sequence or logical structure
- Use examples, comparisons, and analogies
- Anticipate questions and address them in the content
In school settings, students are often required to write both types of texts. Understanding their distinctions helps students meet the expectations of each assignment and improve their writing performance.
Real-World Applications
Beyond academics, the difference between informational and explanatory writing has practical significance in everyday communication. In the workplace, for example, a report that summarizes monthly sales is informational, while a document outlining the steps to improve future sales would be explanatory. The ability to distinguish and create both types effectively can influence clarity, decision-making, and credibility.
Examples from Everyday Life
- Informational: A user manual listing technical specifications
- Explanatory: An topic describing how to assemble a product
- Informational: A travel brochure showing tourist sites
- Explanatory: A blog explaining the cultural history of a destination
Informational and explanatory texts both play vital roles in communication, learning, and analysis. While they share similarities in tone and fact-based content, they differ in purpose, structure, and style. Informational texts aim to inform through facts, while explanatory texts aim to explain through reasoning and process. By recognizing and applying these differences, readers and writers alike can engage more effectively with nonfiction content. Mastering these two text types enhances literacy skills and supports clearer communication in academic, professional, and everyday contexts.