Harriet Tubman is widely known as one of the most courageous and influential figures in American history, particularly for her work as a conductor on the Underground Railroad. However, beyond her famous role in helping enslaved people escape to freedom, Harriet Tubman’s occupations and contributions throughout her life reflect a range of skills, leadership qualities, and dedication to justice. Her varied roles reveal how she used her talents to fight oppression and advocate for civil rights, making her a symbol of resilience and empowerment.
Early Life and Work as a Domestic Servant
Born into slavery around 1822 in Maryland, Harriet Tubman experienced the brutal realities of forced labor from a young age. During her early years, she worked primarily as a domestic servant, performing tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare for the family that enslaved her. This work, while common for enslaved women of her time, exposed her to the harsh treatment that enslaved people endured daily.
Despite the difficult conditions, Tubman learned essential survival skills and developed a strong sense of independence and determination. Her work as a domestic servant also gave her insight into the workings of the households and farms where enslaved people lived, knowledge she later used to plan escape routes and assist others.
Conductor on the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman’s most famous occupation was as a conductor on the Underground Railroad, a secret network of safe houses and routes that helped enslaved people flee to free states and Canada. After escaping slavery herself in 1849, Tubman risked her life repeatedly to return to the South and guide approximately 70 enslaved individuals to freedom over the course of 13 missions.
Her work required immense courage, strategic thinking, and resourcefulness. Tubman used disguises, knowledge of the land, and trusted contacts to evade capture. This occupation was dangerous, as slave catchers and law enforcement actively pursued her and those she helped. Tubman’s leadership and commitment during this period made her an iconic figure in the abolitionist movement.
Skills and Tools of a Conductor
- Expert navigation and knowledge of geography
- Stealth and secrecy to avoid detection
- Ability to inspire trust and organize support networks
- Use of spirituals and coded messages for communication
Spy and Nurse During the Civil War
During the American Civil War, Harriet Tubman took on new occupations that further showcased her patriotism and dedication to freedom. She served as a nurse, caring for wounded soldiers and escaped slaves who sought refuge in Union camps. Tubman’s experience with medicinal herbs and natural remedies was invaluable in tending to the sick.
In addition to nursing, Tubman also worked as a spy and scout for the Union Army. Her knowledge of the Southern terrain and connections with local communities made her a crucial asset in gathering intelligence. One of her most notable contributions was her involvement in the Combahee River Raid in 1863, where she helped plan and execute a successful mission to free more than 700 enslaved people.
Roles During the War
- Nurse providing medical care and comfort
- Scout gathering information on enemy positions
- Spy conducting covert operations behind Confederate lines
- Military strategist assisting Union commanders
Advocate and Lecturer in the Post-War Era
After the Civil War, Harriet Tubman devoted much of her life to advocacy and public speaking. She worked to secure rights for freed African Americans, including suffrage and access to education. Tubman traveled widely, giving lectures about her experiences and the ongoing struggle for racial equality and women’s rights.
Her occupation as a lecturer helped raise awareness and funds for various causes, including the establishment of schools and homes for the elderly and needy. Tubman’s voice became a powerful instrument for social change during the Reconstruction era and beyond.
Advocacy Work Included:
- Promoting civil rights and voting rights for African Americans
- Supporting women’s suffrage movements
- Raising funds for charitable institutions
- Educating the public about slavery and freedom
Farmer and Homemaker
In addition to her public roles, Harriet Tubman was also a farmer and homemaker. After the war, she purchased a home in Auburn, New York, where she lived for much of her later life. Tubman cultivated a farm, growing vegetables and raising livestock to support herself and her family.
Her work in agriculture reflected her self-sufficiency and connection to the land, and she used her farm as a safe haven for family members and others in need. Tubman’s role as a homemaker was deeply tied to her values of independence and care for her community.
Legacy of Harriet Tubman’s Occupations
Harriet Tubman’s occupations throughout her life demonstrate a remarkable versatility and unwavering dedication to justice. From domestic servant to Underground Railroad conductor, from Civil War nurse and spy to advocate and farmer, her varied roles highlight how she used every opportunity to challenge injustice and uplift others.
Her legacy continues to inspire generations, reminding us that courage and resilience can transform lives and societies. Harriet Tubman is not only a historical icon but a testament to the power of individual action in the pursuit of freedom and equality.